Kamis, 24 November 2011
SURVIVAL
Keterampilan bertahan hidup adalah teknik seseorang dapat digunakan dalam situasi berbahaya (misalnya bencana alam ) untuk menyelamatkan diri atau orang lain (lihat juga bushcraft ). Secara umum, teknik ini dimaksudkan untuk menyediakan kebutuhan dasar bagi kehidupan manusia: air , makanan , tempat tinggal , habitat , dan kebutuhan untuk berpikir jernih, untuk sinyal untuk membantu, untuk menavigasi aman, untuk menghindari interaksi yang tidak menyenangkan dengan hewan dan tumbuhan dan untuk pertolongan pertama. Keterampilan bertahan hidup seringkali ide-ide dasar dan kemampuan yang manusia kuno menggunakan selama ribuan tahun, sehingga keterampilan ini sebagian simulasi peragaan sejarah. Banyak dari keterampilan ini adalah cara untuk menikmati waktu yang lama di tempat terpencil, atau cara untuk berkembang di alam. Bahkan hiking, backpacking, menunggang kuda, memancing, berburu, atau kegiatan lain, Anda perlu memastikan bahwa Anda memiliki kemampuan bertahan hidup padang gurun dasar untuk menangani situasi darurat. Beberapa orang menggunakan keterampilan ini untuk lebih menghargai alam dan untuk rekreasi, bukan hanya bertahan hidup.
Tempat Tinggal
Penampungan dapat berkisar dari "tempat penampungan alami"; seperti gua atau jatuh-turun (retak, tapi tidak terpecah) pohon tebal-foliaged, untuk bentuk peralihan buatan manusia seperti tempat penampungan penampungan puing-puing, parit yang digali berikutnya ke log pohon dan ditutupi dengan dedaunan, atau gua salju , untuk struktur yang sama sekali buatan manusia seperti terpal , tenda , atau rumah
Navigasi
Situasi survival terkadang diselesaikan dengan mencari cara seseorang untuk keselamatan, atau satu mungkin perlu untuk pindah ke menemukan lokasi lebih cocok untuk menunggu untuk penyelamatan. Sumber mengamati bahwa untuk melakukan salah satu dari aman membutuhkan beberapa peralatan navigasi dan keterampilan. Jenis navigasi meliputi:
Celestial navigasi , menggunakan matahari dan langit malam untuk menemukan arah kardinal dan untuk mempertahankan program perjalanan
Menggunakan peta dan kompas bersama-sama, khususnya peta topografi atau peta jalan .
"Navigasi dengan observasi" dari fitur medan pada peta atau dikenal
Menggunakan GPS receiver, jika tersedia
Api
Artikel utama: Api membuat
Membuat api diakui dalam sumber-sumber untuk secara signifikan meningkatkan kemampuan untuk bertahan hidup secara fisik dan mental. Pencahayaan api tanpa terang atau pertandingan, seperti dengan menggunakan batu alam dan baja dengan sumbu , adalah subjek sering kedua buku pada kelangsungan hidup dan dalam program kelangsungan hidup. Ada penekanan ditempatkan pada berlatih keterampilan membuat api sebelum venturing ke padang gurun. Memproduksi api di bawah kondisi yang buruk telah dibuat jauh lebih mudah dengan pengenalan alat seperti percikan ringan surya dan piston api .
Api disajikan sebagai alat bertahan hidup memenuhi kebutuhan banyak. Para panas yang disediakan oleh api menghangatkan tubuh, mengering baju basah, disinfects air, dan makanan koki. Tidak akan dilupakan adalah dorongan psikologis dan rasa aman dan perlindungan itu memberi. Di alam liar, kebakaran dapat memberikan sensasi rumah, focal point, selain menjadi sumber energi penting. Api dapat menghalangi hewan liar dari campur dengan korban, namun hewan liar dapat tertarik ke cahaya dan panas dari api. Cahaya dan asap yang dipancarkan oleh api juga dapat digunakan untuk bekerja pada malam hari dan dapat sinyal unit penyelamatan.
Air dan makanan
Seorang manusia dapat bertahan hidup rata-rata tiga sampai lima hari tanpa asupan air, dengan asumsi ketinggian permukaan laut, suhu kamar dan kelembaban relatif menguntungkan. Pada suhu lebih dingin atau lebih hangat, kebutuhan air lebih besar. Kebutuhan air juga meningkat dengan olahraga.
Sebuah tipikal orang akan kehilangan minimal dua sampai maksimal empat liter air per hari di bawah kondisi biasa, dan lebih dalam cuaca panas, kering, atau dingin. Empat sampai enam liter air atau cairan lainnya umumnya diperlukan setiap hari di padang gurun untuk menghindari dehidrasi dan untuk menjaga tubuh berfungsi dengan baik. manual Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat merekomendasikan bahwa kelangsungan hidup Anda minum air ketika haus. Kelompok lain merekomendasikan penjatahan air melalui "disiplin air".
Kurangnya air menyebabkan dehidrasi , yang dapat mengakibatkan kelesuan , sakit kepala , pusing , kebingungan , dan akhirnya kematian. Bahkan dehidrasi ringan mengurangi daya tahan tubuh dan mengganggu konsentrasi , yang berbahaya dalam situasi hidup di mana pemikiran yang jernih sangat penting. Urin kuning atau coklat gelap adalah sebuah indikator diagnostik dehidrasi. Untuk menghindari dehidrasi, prioritas tinggi biasanya ditugaskan untuk mencari pasokan air minum dan membuat ketentuan untuk membuat bahwa air seaman mungkin.
Banyak sumber-sumber dalam literatur kelangsungan hidup, serta forum dan referensi online, daftar cara-cara di mana air dapat dikumpulkan dan diberikan lebih aman untuk konsumsi dalam situasi hidup, seperti mendidih, penyaringan, bahan kimia, radiasi matahari / pemanas ( SODIS ), dan distilasi (biasa atau melalui destilasi surya ). Sumber tersebut juga sering daftar bahaya, seperti polusi, mikroorganisme, atau patogen yang mempengaruhi keamanan air negara kembali.
Berpikir baru-baru ini adalah bahwa filter mendidih atau komersial secara signifikan lebih aman daripada menggunakan bahan kimia, dengan pengecualian klor dioksida .
Isu yang disajikan oleh kebutuhan untuk air mendikte bahwa kehilangan air yang tidak perlu dengan keringat dihindari dalam situasi survival.
Untuk sehingga menghindari masalah ini, umbi akar kuliner , buah , jamur yang dapat dimakan , kacang goreng, kacang goreng, sereal dimakan atau daun dimakan , dimakan lumut , kaktus dimakan dan ganggang dapat dicari dan jika diperlukan, disiapkan (kebanyakan oleh mendidih). Dengan pengecualian daun, makanan ini relatif tinggi kalori, menyediakan energi untuk tubuh. Tanaman adalah beberapa sumber makanan paling mudah untuk menemukan di hutan, hutan atau padang pasir karena mereka diam dan dengan demikian dapat memiliki tanpa mengerahkan banyak usaha.
Juga, banyak komentator membahas pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan peralatan (seperti busur, perangkap dan jaring) yang diperlukan untuk mengumpulkan makanan hewan di alam liar melalui perangkap hewan , berburu , memancing .
Beberapa buku hidup mempromosikan "Uji sifat dpt dimakan Universal". Diduga, satu dapat membedakan makanan yang dapat dimakan dari yang beracun dengan serangkaian eksposur progresif untuk kulit dan mulut sebelum konsumsi, dengan waktu tunggu dan cek untuk gejala. Namun, para ahli lain termasuk Ray Mears dan John Kallas menolak metode ini, menyatakan bahwa bahkan sejumlah kecil dari beberapa "makanan potensial" dapat menyebabkan ketidaknyamanan fisik, sakit, atau kematian. Langkah tambahan yang disebut tes awal kadang-kadang dimasukkan untuk mengevaluasi sifat dpt dimakan dari makanan potensial.
Berfokus pada kelangsungan hidup sampai diselamatkan oleh pencari diduga, Pramuka yang dari Amerika terutama menghambat mencari makan untuk makanan liar atas dasar bahwa pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang diperlukan yang tidak mungkin dimiliki oleh orang-orang menemukan diri mereka dalam situasi hidup padang gurun, membuat risiko (termasuk penggunaan energi) lebih besar daripada manfaat.Mengingat bahwa kebanyakan orang memiliki cukup lemak tubuh untuk membawa mereka melalui beberapa hari, menggunakan energi untuk pengadaan air, api dan tempat tinggal adalah lebih baik menggunakan waktu yang tersedia dan energi.
pertolongan pertama
Pertolongan pertama ( padang gurun pertolongan pertama pada khususnya) dapat membantu seseorang bertahan dan fungsi dengan cedera dan penyakit yang lain akan membunuh atau melumpuhkan dia / nya. Cedera umum dan berbahaya meliputi:
-Luka , yang mungkin menjadi terinfeksi
-Gigitan atau sengatan dari berbisa binatang, seperti ular, kalajengking, laba-laba, lebah, ikan pari, ubur-ubur, -ikan lele, penikmat, dll
-Gigitan yang mengarah ke penyakit / septikemia, seperti nyamuk, kutu, kutu, hewan terinfeksi rabies, lalat ---pasir, komodo, buaya, dll
-Infeksi melalui makanan, kontak binatang, atau minum air minum non-
-Patah tulang
-Keseleo , terutama pada pergelangan kaki
-Luka bakar
-Keracunan dari konsumsi, atau kontak dengan, tanaman beracun atau beracun jamur
-Hipotermia (terlalu dingin) dan hipertermia (terlalu panas)
-Serangan jantung
-Pendarahan
Korban mungkin perlu untuk menerapkan isi kit pertolongan pertama atau, jika memiliki pengetahuan yang diperlukan, secara alami tanaman obat, melumpuhkan anggota tubuh terluka, atau bahkan transportasi kawan mampu.
Pelatihan
Pelatihan bertahan hidup memiliki banyak komponen, kompetensi mental dan kebugaran fisik menjadi dua. Kompetensi mental mencakup keterampilan tercantum dalam artikel ini, serta kemampuan untuk mengakui keberadaan krisis, mengatasi panik, dan berpikir jernih. Kebugaran fisik meliputi, antara kemampuan lainnya, membawa beban lebih dari jarak jauh di medan kasar. Pengetahuan teoritis keterampilan bertahan hidup berguna hanya jika dapat diterapkan secara efektif di padang gurun. Hampir semua Keterampilan lingkungan kelangsungan hidup yang spesifik dan memerlukan pelatihan dalam lingkungan tertentu.
Pelatihan kelangsungan hidup dapat dipecah menjadi tiga jenis, atau sekolah; Wilderness Kelangsungan Hidup modern, Bushcraft , dan Teknik Kelangsungan Hidup Primitif.
Kelangsungan hidup Wilderness modern mengajarkan keterampilan yang dibutuhkan untuk bertahan Jangka Pendek (1 sampai 4 hari) dan Jangka Menengah (4 sampai 40 Hari) situasi hidup.
"Bushcraft" adalah kombinasi dari Wilderness Kelangsungan Hidup Modern dan berguna Teknik Kelangsungan Hidup Primitif. Biasanya membagi keahliannya akuisisi antara Jangka Menengah Teknik Kelangsungan Hidup (4 sampai 40 Hari) dan Teknik Kelangsungan Hidup Jangka Panjang (40 Hari Plus).
Teknik bertahan hidup primitif atau "Hidup Primitif" mengajarkan keterampilan yang dibutuhkan untuk bertahan hidup selama Jangka Panjang (40 hari ditambah). Banyak keterampilan teknologi primitif yang membutuhkan latihan lebih banyak dan mungkin khusus lingkungan yang lebih.pelatihan kelangsungan hidup dapat dipecah menjadi tiga jenis, atau sekolah; Wilderness Kelangsungan Hidup modern, Bushcraft , dan Teknik Kelangsungan Hidup Primitif.
Beberapa organisasi menawarkan pelatihan padang gurun kelangsungan hidup. Kursus berkisar dari satu hari program lapangan berlangsung selama sebulan. Selain mengajar teknik bertahan hidup untuk kondisi makanan terbatas, air, dan tempat tinggal, banyak organisasi yang mengajarkan bushcraft dan Survival Primitif berusaha untuk menimbulkan apresiasi dan pemahaman tentang gaya hidup pra-industri budaya.
Ada beberapa buku yang mengajarkan satu cara untuk bertahan hidup dalam situasi yang berbahaya, dan sekolah melatih anak-anak apa yang harus dilakukan jika terjadi gempa bumi atau kebakaran. Beberapa kota juga memiliki rencana kontingensi dalam kasus bencana besar, seperti badai atau tornado.
Pelatihan yang berbeda diperlukan untuk bertahan hidup di iklim yang berbeda. Meskipun salah satu teknik dapat bekerja di daerah sub-Sahara kering, metode yang sama mungkin benar-benar merugikan kesehatan dalam iklim kutub.
Kesiapan Mental
Komentator mencatat bahwa pikiran dan proses yang sangat penting untuk kelangsungan hidup. Dikatakan bahwa untuk hidup dalam kehidupan dan situasi kematian sering memisahkan orang-orang yang hidup dan yang tidak. Kisah-kisah tentang prestasi heroik hidup oleh orang-orang biasa dengan sedikit pelatihan atau tidak tetapi kemauan yang kuat untuk hidup yang tidak biasa. Laurence Gonzales dalam buku Kelangsungan Hidup Jauh Nya: Siapa Lives, Siapa dan Mengapa Dies menggambarkan kisah seorang gadis remaja muda bernama Juliane Koepcke yang menjadi korban kecelakaan pesawat di hutan Amazon. Dengan tidak ada pelatihan formal dan mengenakan satu-satunya konfirmasi pakaian, ia berjalan melalui hutan selama beberapa hari dengan serangga parasit yang membosankan di bawah kulitnya. Setelah sebelas hari, dengan sangat sedikit makanan, ia mencapai sebuah gubuk dan runtuh dalam. Tiga pemburu menemukannya pada hari berikutnya dan membawanya ke dokter setempat. Dari mereka yang selamat dari kecelakaan itu, ia adalah satu-satunya untuk bisa keluar hidup-hidup. Gonzales percaya bahwa keinginannya yang sederhana dan bisa dihancurkan untuk hidup membuat perbedaan.
Jadi stres adalah suatu situasi hidup yang benar, bahwa mereka yang tampaknya memiliki pemahaman yang jelas dari stres, ahli bahkan terlatih, dikatakan mental terpengaruh dengan menghadapi bahaya mematikan.
Tampaknya, sejauh yang stres hasil dari pengujian batas-batas manusia, manfaat belajar untuk berfungsi di bawah tekanan dan menentukan batas-batas tersebut dapat lebih besar Kelemahan dari stres. Setelah semua, stres adalah reaksi alami untuk keadaan yang tidak menguntungkan, mengembangkan oleh evolusi untuk membantu dalam kelangsungan hidup - setidaknya, dalam hal singkat, pertemuan yang berbahaya (seperti yang terjebak di tengah bencana alam, atau diserang oleh binatang buas.) Jika stres tetap hidup untuk jangka waktu lama, hal itu cenderung menghasilkan efek sebaliknya, menghambat kemampuan seseorang untuk bertahan hidup. Secara khusus, para komentator perhatikan efek samping berikut stres: lupa, ketidakmampuan untuk tidur, meningkatkan kecenderungan untuk melakukan kesalahan, energi berkurang, ledakan kemarahan, dan kecerobohan.Tidak satu pun dari gejala-gejala ini tampaknya akan membuat kelangsungan hidup lebih mudah atau lebih mungkin.
Ada strategi tertentu dan alat-alat mental yang dapat membantu orang mengatasi lebih baik dalam situasi hidup, termasuk fokus pada tugas-tugas dikelola, memiliki Rencana B tersedia dan mengakui penolakan.
Bertahan Manual
Sebuah manual hidup adalah sebuah buku yang digunakan sebagai referensi dalam situasi di mana kelangsungan hidup manusia terancam - diharapkan atau tidak terduga. Biasanya itu akan mencakup keduanya persiapan dan bimbingan untuk menangani kemungkinan.
Sebuah mnemonik sederhana untuk situasi seperti tersesat adalah TITIK - Berhenti, Pikirkan, Amati dan Rencana.
Ada berbagai jenis manual bertahan hidup, namun sebagian besar memiliki bagian dari saran standar. Ini kadang-kadang ulang untuk distribusi publik: misalnya SAS Kelangsungan Hidup Buku Pegangan, Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat bertahan hidup Manual (FM 3-05.70) dan Angkatan Udara Amerika Serikat bertahan hidup Manual (AF 64-4). Beberapa awalnya ditulis untuk publik dan dapat menutupi padang gurun, musim dingin dan kelangsungan hidup laut, bencana alam dan buatan manusia, kesiapan rumah dan kelangsungan hidup keuangan semua dalam satu panduan.
Manual lainnya telah ditulis untuk keperluan yang lebih spesifik, seperti padang gurun atau maritim kelangsungan hidup.
Banyak prinsip-prinsip pengajaran hari ini pada kelangsungan hidup berasal dari karya Instruktur Kelangsungan Hidup SAS Wiseman Lofty .
item bertahan hidup Penting
Tiga item penting secara signifikan dapat meningkatkan situasi hidup: sebuah pisau , yang lebih ringan dan / atau pertandingan , dan kompas . Pisau tidak dapat dengan mudah digantikan oleh sesuatu yang padang gurun yang ditawarkan, yang membuatnya sangat penting untuk memiliki. Dan pentingnya adalah tinggi saat Anda mempertimbangkan menggunakan banyak pisau. lebih ringan adalah penting karena memastikan api, memberikan banyak hal-hal penting (seperti air mendidih, memasak, dll kehangatan). Sebuah ringan lebih baik dari pertandingan, untuk pertandingan dengan mudah dapat menjadi tidak dapat digunakan, seperti ketika mereka mendapatkan basah. Setelah kedua lebih ringan dan cocok tahan air merupakan pilihan terbaik. Akhirnya, kompas adalah penting karena memungkinkan Anda untuk melakukan perjalanan dalam garis lurus, yang pada akhirnya akan mengarah ke jalan, dan dengan demikian kelangsungan hidup Anda.
Sebuah pisau, ringan, dan kompas akan membuat tambahan yang bagus untuk sebuah "survival kit" pribadi. Meskipun tentu membantu dalam situasi hidup, ini "mewah" item (pisau, lebih ringan, kompas) sama sekali tidak penting untuk kelangsungan hidup seseorang. Dengan mempelajari dan berlatih beberapa keterampilan primitif dasar, Anda dapat belajar bagaimana untuk fashion pisau Anda sendiri keluar dari batu (batu-knapping), memulai api tanpa korek api atau pemantik (bow drill, batu & baja, dll ..) , dan bepergian tanpa kompas (navigasi langit).
Ini sangat penting untuk mempertahankan survival kit kendaraan: Anda tidak pernah bisa terlalu siap. Anda harus selalu tetap di dalam kendaraan Anda selama rincian sampai bantuan yang tepat tiba. Jika untuk alasan apapun Anda merasa bahwa Anda perlu meninggalkan kendaraan Anda, hanya melakukannya jika cuaca membaik. Anda tidak harus meninggalkan kendaraan Anda di musim dingin. Kendaraan survival kit Anda harus tertutup dalam bukti air dan wadah tahan lama. Item pertama yang dibutuhkan adalah ponsel. Kedua, Anda harus mengepak pakaian yang sesuai dan selimut hangat. Satu set memasak, juga dikenal sebagai "kit berantakan," adalah penting untuk pemanasan cairan dan makanan memasak. Memiliki banyak air minum adalah penting untuk survival kit Anda. Energi bar dan apa pun yang non tahan lama dan tinggi kalori dianjurkan. Item penting lainnya adalah flash light, flare, peta jalan, kertas toilet, sekop salju, terpal, dan alat-alat.
Jumat, 18 November 2011
BUKITTINGGI
"Fort de Kock" redirects here. To castle, please see Fort de Kock (fortress)City of Bukittinggi
Clock Tower Bukittinggi
Logo
Motto: Saayun Salangkah
Location of Bukittinggi in West Sumatra
City of BukittinggiLocation of Bukittinggi in Indonesia
Coordinates: 0 ° 17'8 .93 "S 100 ° 22'3 .61" E / 0.2858139 ° S 100.3676694 ° E
State of Indonesia
Province of West Sumatra
Government
- Mayor H. Ismet Amzis, SH
- DAURp. 273 043 100 000, - [1]
Broad
- Total 25.24 km2Population (2010 [2])
- Total 110 954
- Density4.396/km ²Subdistrict 3 [3]
Sub-District 24Time zoneWIB (UTC +7)
Telephone area code+62,752Website www.bukittinggikota.go.id
Bukittinggi is one city in the province of West Sumatra, Indonesia.The city was formerly called the Fort de Kock and the former had also dubbed as Parijs van besides Sumatra city of Medan, [4] and the town of Bukittinggi was also the capital of Indonesia.The city is the hometown of one of the Bung Hatta proclaimed Indonesia, also known as city heritage [5] with the Clock Tower, a landmark in the heart of the height, shaped like a big clock Big Ben, as well as a symbol for the city which is also located on the edge a valley called Canyon Sianok.Besides the town of Bukittinggi is also famous as a tourist city that cool air, and siblings (sister city) in Seremban from Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia.
HistoryBukittinggi city began standing in line with the arrival of the Dutch who later founded the blockhouse in 1825 [6] on Padri War period in which there is one hill in this town, known as Fort de Kock, as well as a resting place of the Dutch officers who are in the colonies. Later in the reign of the Dutch East Indies, the area is always enhanced role in the constitution which later developed into a Stadsgemeente (city), [7] and also serves as the capital Afdeeling Padangsche Bovenlanden and Onderafdeeling Oud Agam. [8]During the Japanese occupation, the city of Bukittinggi used as a control center for the region of Sumatra military government, even to Singapore and Thailand, where the city became the seat of the military commander to 25 Kenpeitai, under the command of Major General Hirano Toyoji. [9] Later the city changed its name from Fort de Kock became Stadsgemeente Bukittinggi The Yaku Sho, whose land was broadened to include the surrounding villages-villages like Sianok Anam Tribe, Gadut, Kapau, Ampang Tower, Taba and Bukit Batu Batabuah. Now Nagari-Nagari is entered into the Agam regency.After the independence of Indonesia, Bukittinggi was chosen to be the capital of the Province of Sumatra, with its governor Mr. Teuku Muhammad Hasan. [10] The United Kingdom is also defined as an area municipality under the Province of Sumatra Governor Decree No. 391 dated June 9, 1947.At the time of maintaining the independence of Indonesia, the City Bukitinggi role as the city struggles, where on December 19, 1948, the city is designated as the capital of Indonesia after the Yogyakarta fell into Dutch hands, known as the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI). Later on, the event was designated a State-Defense Day, based on the Decree of President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 28 Year 2006 dated December 18, 2006. [11] [12]The next big city of Bukittinggi be based on Law Number 9 Year 1956 concerning the establishment of an autonomous region within the major cities of the province of Central Sumatra that time, [13] which includes the province of West Sumatra, Jambi, Riau and Riau Islands now.Even after the issuance of Government Regulation Number 84 of 1999 as a new legal basis of regional government in the implementation of Bukittinggi, but until now still can not be implemented. [14]GeographyBukittinggi is located on the Bukit Barisan range that ran along the island of Sumatra, surrounded by three volcanoes is Mount Singgalang, Mount Marapi and Mount Sago, and at an altitude of 909-941 meters above sea level. The city is also air cool with temperatures ranging between 16.1 - 24.9 ° C. While the total area of the current town of Bukittinggi (25.24 km ²), 82.8% have been devoted to cultivation of land, while the rest is protected forest.The city has a hilly topography and berlembah, some hills are scattered in urban areas, among them the Mount Ambacang, Bukit Tambun Bones, Mandiangin Hill, Hill Campago, Kubangankabau Hill, Bukit Pinang Sabatang Nan, Canggang Hill, Hill Paninjauan and so on. While there is a valley which is also known as Sianok canyon with a depth that varies between 75-110 m, which didasarnya flows a river called the Trunk Masang which empties on the west coast of Sumatra island.Population
Bengkudu Mosque with surrounding pond near Bukittinggi, one of the oldest mosques in Indonesia.
Market Ateh pastThe development of the urban population can not be separated from the change in Bukittinggi Bukittingi a trade center in the Minangkabau highlands, starting with the market dibangunya by the Dutch East Indies government in 1890 under the name loods, local people spell it with loih, with a curved roof became known as the Loih Galuang.Today, the city Bukittingi is the most populous city in the province of West Sumatra, with a workforce of 52,631 people and about 3845 of them are unemployed. [3] The city is dominated by ethnic Minangkabau, but there are also ethnic Chinese, Javanese, Tamil and Batak.Chinese community to come together with the emergence of markets in London, they allowed the Dutch East Indies government to build a shop / kiosk at the foot of the hill fortress of Fort de Kock west, stretching from south to north, now known as Kampung Cino. While the Indian traders placed in the foothills of the north, a circular from east to west and is now called Kampung Keling.Year 2008 2010Total population 106 045 110 954The history of the town Bukittinggi populationSources: [3] [2]
Government
Main article: List of mayors Bukittinggi
Bukittinggi city hallSince 1918 the town of Bukittinggi has gemeente status, [15] then in 1930 the city area was expanded to 5.2 km ². [16] During the Japanese occupation of the territory of this town again expanded. Then at the beginning of the independence of Indonesia overlapping territorial limits of this town because of a unilateral determination of both the Dutch East Indies and Japan.Currently these municipal boundaries surrounded by Agam regency, and konfik between the two governments regarding border area is still ongoing, [17] added after the release of Government Regulation. 84 of 1999 concerning changes to border town of Bukittinggi and Agam regency, from government regulation (PP) is an area of the town of Bukittinggi grew to 145.29,90 km ², with a few villages that were previously included on the Japanese occupation is within the administrative town of Bukittinggi. [18 ]But with the passing of the reform of government that provides a broad right of autonomy to the district and the city, came back from rejection Agam district community on the expansion and development of the town of Bukittinggi region. Agam district for the community into the area of urban sprawl, the loss was due to return to the application of the model village governance is more promising, than in sub systems. In addition the assumption arises, people who have heterogeneous city would also tend to give effect to indigenous traditions and the wealth that had been owned by the village.EducationSince the Dutch colonial era, the city has become an educational center on the island of Sumatra, [20] began in 1872, with the establishment Kweekschool voor Inlandsche Onderwijzers (school teachers for teachers bumiputera) or also known as king of the school's name, which later evolved into volksschool or school people. Then in 1912 came Holandsch Inlandsche School (HIS), followed by the establishment of the School Guardian School voor Opleiding Inlandsch Ambtenaren (OSVIA) in 1918. In 1926 also has established MULO in the town of Bukittinggi. [21]In the early days of independence in this city once stood Policewomen school and cadets as well as Civil Service is the first school in Indonesia, even Andalas University was first established in the city of Bukittinggi. [22]Formal educationSD or MI state and private junior high or high school public and private MTs public and private MA public and private state and private vocational colleges
Number of units 65 19 11 5 13 4Data schools in the city of BukittinggiSources: [23] [24]
HealthBukittinggi City has had good health care, where a city with a relatively small area has had 5 hospital that is 3 pieces of government-owned and two private sector, supported by 5 pieces of health centers and six health centers and 15 health centers around helper. One of the main General Hospital Dr. Achmad Mochtar, a government-owned public hospital type B with the number of beds as much as 299. [25]National Stroke Hospital located in this city, a government-owned hospitals with service excellence for stroke with the number of beds as much as 124. [26] [27] So is Islam Ibn Sina Hospital, a private hospital that has the capacity of the sleep as many as 136 units. [25]Meanwhile, to increase the availability and quality of health personnel in order to improve public health services, until the year 2009 there were 8 health personnel education institutions in the city of Bukittinggi, two government-owned institutions (Poltekes) and 6 are managed by private parties. [25]
Nexus
Tri Dharma Eka Power Museum in London
Hotel The Hill in LondonBukittinggi is at a strategic position, connected with several other cities including the cities that are outside the province of West Sumatra, as the city of Pekanbaru and Medan, and a town through which the Trans Central Sumatra. Terminal Aur Yellow is the main terminal for freight ground transportation in this city. As for transportation in the city, available means of transportation other than city microbus and a hansom cab (carriage horses).Previously the city is traversed by a railway line from the city Payakumbuh to the city of Padang, which was built around the early 20th century during the reign of the Dutch East Indies, but after independence the means of transportation is no longer active.The city also has a non-class air transport facilities are named Airport, United Kingdom. [28]Economy
Japan hole in BukittinggiGaluang Loih market developments now called Market Ateh, making the Dutch East Indies government then re-develop the market, by rebuilding a loods to the east in 1900, precisely at the waist area of the hill adjacent to the ditch that flows at the foot of the hill, because market place is located in the slope of the local people call it by name Teleng Market (Italic) or Market Slope. The next development in the surrounding area appear again in the next several markets including the Lower Markets and Market Banto. In structuring the market, the Dutch East Indies government also connects each market with long and slender (stairs) and among the famous is called by the name of bunch 40.To reduce buildup on one area of the town of Bukittinggi and then develop the urban area to the east by the Yellow Aur Market building, which currently is one of the wholesale trade center for goods convection in the town of Bukittinggi. While the traditional markets around the area such as the Clock Tower Ateh Market, Market and Market Bottom Slope, now evolved into a place selling handicrafts and souvenirs typical of Minangkabau.Due to a small area, the trade sector is one option that is right for the town of Bukittinggi in increasing per capita income, and has become one of the main objectives in the field of trade on the island of Sumatra.In addition Bukittinggi city government also spawned several programs in alleviating poverty among the training increased diversification in the form of training and skills upgrading training making kebaya embroidery, as well as new entrepreneurial growth. [29]Tourism
Bridge Limpapeh
Field Sports WirabrajaThe development of tourism is one of the leading sectors for the city of Bukittinggi, the many interesting attractions, make this city dubbed as the "city tour". Currently in the town of Bukittinggi has been there about 60 hotels and 15 travel agencies. [30] Hotels located in cities such as The Hills Bukittinggi (formerly Novotel), Hotel Pusako and so on.Sianok canyon valley is one of the main attractions. Panorama Park is located in the town of Bukittinggi allow tourists to see the beautiful scenery Sianok canyon. Inside the park there is also a cave Panorama hideaway former Japanese soldiers during World War II is referred to as Japan's Hole Bukittinggi.In the park there is a replica Kanduang Bundo Tower House which serves as a museum of Minangkabau culture, Bukittinggi Zoo and Fort de Kock is connected by a pedestrian bridge called the Bridge Limpapeh. Limpapeh pedestrian bridge above the road A. Yani which is the main street in the town of Bukittinggi.Market Ateh (pasas above) are adjacent to the Clock Tower which is the center of the city. In the market there are many sellers Ateh handicrafts and embroidery [31] as well as snacks souvenirs typical of West Sumatra as Karupuak Sanjai (cassava chips ala Sanjai area in London) is made from cassava, Karupuak Jangek made from cow or buffalo leather and Karak Kaliang, a kind typical of Bukittinggi snacks shaped like a figure 8. Currently, he also has built several modern shopping centers in the city of Bukittinggi.SportCommunity town of Bukittinggi is very fond of sport riding, and every year the city held a contest in Bukit Ambacang horse racing, which has been held since 1889, [6] the race this horse racing is a series of runway horse race held in several other areas in West Sumatra, with existence pelombaan also encourages farmers to keep the persistence of horses, other than as a tradition as well as a source of livelihood of its people. [32] In addition, the revolution in Indonesia, the region has also become a runway or airfield for small aircraft types. [33]Press and MediaDuring the Japanese occupation, the city's largest ever established a radio transmitter to the island of Sumatra at the time, in order to raise the spirit of the people to support the interests of the Greater East Asia War the Japanese version. [34] In this town there are several radio stations as a means of information and entertainment in between RRI Bukittinggi, Elsie FM [35], SK FM [36], GRC FM [37] and so on.City of brotherlyAnother city that became Sister City of the town of Bukittinggi is:• Seremban, Malaysia
Clock Tower Bukittinggi
Logo
Motto: Saayun Salangkah
Location of Bukittinggi in West Sumatra
City of BukittinggiLocation of Bukittinggi in Indonesia
Coordinates: 0 ° 17'8 .93 "S 100 ° 22'3 .61" E / 0.2858139 ° S 100.3676694 ° E
State of Indonesia
Province of West Sumatra
Government
- Mayor H. Ismet Amzis, SH
- DAURp. 273 043 100 000, - [1]
Broad
- Total 25.24 km2Population (2010 [2])
- Total 110 954
- Density4.396/km ²Subdistrict 3 [3]
Sub-District 24Time zoneWIB (UTC +7)
Telephone area code+62,752Website www.bukittinggikota.go.id
Bukittinggi is one city in the province of West Sumatra, Indonesia.The city was formerly called the Fort de Kock and the former had also dubbed as Parijs van besides Sumatra city of Medan, [4] and the town of Bukittinggi was also the capital of Indonesia.The city is the hometown of one of the Bung Hatta proclaimed Indonesia, also known as city heritage [5] with the Clock Tower, a landmark in the heart of the height, shaped like a big clock Big Ben, as well as a symbol for the city which is also located on the edge a valley called Canyon Sianok.Besides the town of Bukittinggi is also famous as a tourist city that cool air, and siblings (sister city) in Seremban from Negeri Sembilan in Malaysia.
HistoryBukittinggi city began standing in line with the arrival of the Dutch who later founded the blockhouse in 1825 [6] on Padri War period in which there is one hill in this town, known as Fort de Kock, as well as a resting place of the Dutch officers who are in the colonies. Later in the reign of the Dutch East Indies, the area is always enhanced role in the constitution which later developed into a Stadsgemeente (city), [7] and also serves as the capital Afdeeling Padangsche Bovenlanden and Onderafdeeling Oud Agam. [8]During the Japanese occupation, the city of Bukittinggi used as a control center for the region of Sumatra military government, even to Singapore and Thailand, where the city became the seat of the military commander to 25 Kenpeitai, under the command of Major General Hirano Toyoji. [9] Later the city changed its name from Fort de Kock became Stadsgemeente Bukittinggi The Yaku Sho, whose land was broadened to include the surrounding villages-villages like Sianok Anam Tribe, Gadut, Kapau, Ampang Tower, Taba and Bukit Batu Batabuah. Now Nagari-Nagari is entered into the Agam regency.After the independence of Indonesia, Bukittinggi was chosen to be the capital of the Province of Sumatra, with its governor Mr. Teuku Muhammad Hasan. [10] The United Kingdom is also defined as an area municipality under the Province of Sumatra Governor Decree No. 391 dated June 9, 1947.At the time of maintaining the independence of Indonesia, the City Bukitinggi role as the city struggles, where on December 19, 1948, the city is designated as the capital of Indonesia after the Yogyakarta fell into Dutch hands, known as the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI). Later on, the event was designated a State-Defense Day, based on the Decree of President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 28 Year 2006 dated December 18, 2006. [11] [12]The next big city of Bukittinggi be based on Law Number 9 Year 1956 concerning the establishment of an autonomous region within the major cities of the province of Central Sumatra that time, [13] which includes the province of West Sumatra, Jambi, Riau and Riau Islands now.Even after the issuance of Government Regulation Number 84 of 1999 as a new legal basis of regional government in the implementation of Bukittinggi, but until now still can not be implemented. [14]GeographyBukittinggi is located on the Bukit Barisan range that ran along the island of Sumatra, surrounded by three volcanoes is Mount Singgalang, Mount Marapi and Mount Sago, and at an altitude of 909-941 meters above sea level. The city is also air cool with temperatures ranging between 16.1 - 24.9 ° C. While the total area of the current town of Bukittinggi (25.24 km ²), 82.8% have been devoted to cultivation of land, while the rest is protected forest.The city has a hilly topography and berlembah, some hills are scattered in urban areas, among them the Mount Ambacang, Bukit Tambun Bones, Mandiangin Hill, Hill Campago, Kubangankabau Hill, Bukit Pinang Sabatang Nan, Canggang Hill, Hill Paninjauan and so on. While there is a valley which is also known as Sianok canyon with a depth that varies between 75-110 m, which didasarnya flows a river called the Trunk Masang which empties on the west coast of Sumatra island.Population
Bengkudu Mosque with surrounding pond near Bukittinggi, one of the oldest mosques in Indonesia.
Market Ateh pastThe development of the urban population can not be separated from the change in Bukittinggi Bukittingi a trade center in the Minangkabau highlands, starting with the market dibangunya by the Dutch East Indies government in 1890 under the name loods, local people spell it with loih, with a curved roof became known as the Loih Galuang.Today, the city Bukittingi is the most populous city in the province of West Sumatra, with a workforce of 52,631 people and about 3845 of them are unemployed. [3] The city is dominated by ethnic Minangkabau, but there are also ethnic Chinese, Javanese, Tamil and Batak.Chinese community to come together with the emergence of markets in London, they allowed the Dutch East Indies government to build a shop / kiosk at the foot of the hill fortress of Fort de Kock west, stretching from south to north, now known as Kampung Cino. While the Indian traders placed in the foothills of the north, a circular from east to west and is now called Kampung Keling.Year 2008 2010Total population 106 045 110 954The history of the town Bukittinggi populationSources: [3] [2]
Government
Main article: List of mayors Bukittinggi
Bukittinggi city hallSince 1918 the town of Bukittinggi has gemeente status, [15] then in 1930 the city area was expanded to 5.2 km ². [16] During the Japanese occupation of the territory of this town again expanded. Then at the beginning of the independence of Indonesia overlapping territorial limits of this town because of a unilateral determination of both the Dutch East Indies and Japan.Currently these municipal boundaries surrounded by Agam regency, and konfik between the two governments regarding border area is still ongoing, [17] added after the release of Government Regulation. 84 of 1999 concerning changes to border town of Bukittinggi and Agam regency, from government regulation (PP) is an area of the town of Bukittinggi grew to 145.29,90 km ², with a few villages that were previously included on the Japanese occupation is within the administrative town of Bukittinggi. [18 ]But with the passing of the reform of government that provides a broad right of autonomy to the district and the city, came back from rejection Agam district community on the expansion and development of the town of Bukittinggi region. Agam district for the community into the area of urban sprawl, the loss was due to return to the application of the model village governance is more promising, than in sub systems. In addition the assumption arises, people who have heterogeneous city would also tend to give effect to indigenous traditions and the wealth that had been owned by the village.EducationSince the Dutch colonial era, the city has become an educational center on the island of Sumatra, [20] began in 1872, with the establishment Kweekschool voor Inlandsche Onderwijzers (school teachers for teachers bumiputera) or also known as king of the school's name, which later evolved into volksschool or school people. Then in 1912 came Holandsch Inlandsche School (HIS), followed by the establishment of the School Guardian School voor Opleiding Inlandsch Ambtenaren (OSVIA) in 1918. In 1926 also has established MULO in the town of Bukittinggi. [21]In the early days of independence in this city once stood Policewomen school and cadets as well as Civil Service is the first school in Indonesia, even Andalas University was first established in the city of Bukittinggi. [22]Formal educationSD or MI state and private junior high or high school public and private MTs public and private MA public and private state and private vocational colleges
Number of units 65 19 11 5 13 4Data schools in the city of BukittinggiSources: [23] [24]
HealthBukittinggi City has had good health care, where a city with a relatively small area has had 5 hospital that is 3 pieces of government-owned and two private sector, supported by 5 pieces of health centers and six health centers and 15 health centers around helper. One of the main General Hospital Dr. Achmad Mochtar, a government-owned public hospital type B with the number of beds as much as 299. [25]National Stroke Hospital located in this city, a government-owned hospitals with service excellence for stroke with the number of beds as much as 124. [26] [27] So is Islam Ibn Sina Hospital, a private hospital that has the capacity of the sleep as many as 136 units. [25]Meanwhile, to increase the availability and quality of health personnel in order to improve public health services, until the year 2009 there were 8 health personnel education institutions in the city of Bukittinggi, two government-owned institutions (Poltekes) and 6 are managed by private parties. [25]
Nexus
Tri Dharma Eka Power Museum in London
Hotel The Hill in LondonBukittinggi is at a strategic position, connected with several other cities including the cities that are outside the province of West Sumatra, as the city of Pekanbaru and Medan, and a town through which the Trans Central Sumatra. Terminal Aur Yellow is the main terminal for freight ground transportation in this city. As for transportation in the city, available means of transportation other than city microbus and a hansom cab (carriage horses).Previously the city is traversed by a railway line from the city Payakumbuh to the city of Padang, which was built around the early 20th century during the reign of the Dutch East Indies, but after independence the means of transportation is no longer active.The city also has a non-class air transport facilities are named Airport, United Kingdom. [28]Economy
Japan hole in BukittinggiGaluang Loih market developments now called Market Ateh, making the Dutch East Indies government then re-develop the market, by rebuilding a loods to the east in 1900, precisely at the waist area of the hill adjacent to the ditch that flows at the foot of the hill, because market place is located in the slope of the local people call it by name Teleng Market (Italic) or Market Slope. The next development in the surrounding area appear again in the next several markets including the Lower Markets and Market Banto. In structuring the market, the Dutch East Indies government also connects each market with long and slender (stairs) and among the famous is called by the name of bunch 40.To reduce buildup on one area of the town of Bukittinggi and then develop the urban area to the east by the Yellow Aur Market building, which currently is one of the wholesale trade center for goods convection in the town of Bukittinggi. While the traditional markets around the area such as the Clock Tower Ateh Market, Market and Market Bottom Slope, now evolved into a place selling handicrafts and souvenirs typical of Minangkabau.Due to a small area, the trade sector is one option that is right for the town of Bukittinggi in increasing per capita income, and has become one of the main objectives in the field of trade on the island of Sumatra.In addition Bukittinggi city government also spawned several programs in alleviating poverty among the training increased diversification in the form of training and skills upgrading training making kebaya embroidery, as well as new entrepreneurial growth. [29]Tourism
Bridge Limpapeh
Field Sports WirabrajaThe development of tourism is one of the leading sectors for the city of Bukittinggi, the many interesting attractions, make this city dubbed as the "city tour". Currently in the town of Bukittinggi has been there about 60 hotels and 15 travel agencies. [30] Hotels located in cities such as The Hills Bukittinggi (formerly Novotel), Hotel Pusako and so on.Sianok canyon valley is one of the main attractions. Panorama Park is located in the town of Bukittinggi allow tourists to see the beautiful scenery Sianok canyon. Inside the park there is also a cave Panorama hideaway former Japanese soldiers during World War II is referred to as Japan's Hole Bukittinggi.In the park there is a replica Kanduang Bundo Tower House which serves as a museum of Minangkabau culture, Bukittinggi Zoo and Fort de Kock is connected by a pedestrian bridge called the Bridge Limpapeh. Limpapeh pedestrian bridge above the road A. Yani which is the main street in the town of Bukittinggi.Market Ateh (pasas above) are adjacent to the Clock Tower which is the center of the city. In the market there are many sellers Ateh handicrafts and embroidery [31] as well as snacks souvenirs typical of West Sumatra as Karupuak Sanjai (cassava chips ala Sanjai area in London) is made from cassava, Karupuak Jangek made from cow or buffalo leather and Karak Kaliang, a kind typical of Bukittinggi snacks shaped like a figure 8. Currently, he also has built several modern shopping centers in the city of Bukittinggi.SportCommunity town of Bukittinggi is very fond of sport riding, and every year the city held a contest in Bukit Ambacang horse racing, which has been held since 1889, [6] the race this horse racing is a series of runway horse race held in several other areas in West Sumatra, with existence pelombaan also encourages farmers to keep the persistence of horses, other than as a tradition as well as a source of livelihood of its people. [32] In addition, the revolution in Indonesia, the region has also become a runway or airfield for small aircraft types. [33]Press and MediaDuring the Japanese occupation, the city's largest ever established a radio transmitter to the island of Sumatra at the time, in order to raise the spirit of the people to support the interests of the Greater East Asia War the Japanese version. [34] In this town there are several radio stations as a means of information and entertainment in between RRI Bukittinggi, Elsie FM [35], SK FM [36], GRC FM [37] and so on.City of brotherlyAnother city that became Sister City of the town of Bukittinggi is:• Seremban, Malaysia
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